Table 3 Unit root examinations.

From: Does climate policy uncertainty affect carbon emissions in China? A novel dynamic ARDL simulation perspective

	ADF (level)	ADF (first difference)	PP (level)	PP (first difference)	KPSS (level)	KPSS (first difference)	Remark
North China
CO₂	–1.883	–2.342	–1.883	–2.342	0.574^**	0.223	I (1)
CCPU	–2.338	–2.791^*	–2.350	–2.791^*	0.165	0.314	I (1)
EC	–3.306^**	–2.237	–2.969^*	–2.216	0.571^**	0.376^*	I (0)
GDP	–4.941^***	–0.976	–6.719^***	–1.447	0.579^**	0.503^**	I (0)
Northeast China
CO₂	–1.503	–2.234	–4.696^***	–2.234	0.529^**	0.405^*	I (0)
CCPU	–2.338	–2.791^*	–2.350	–2.791^*	0.165	0.314	I (1)
EC	–3.899^**	–2.061	–3.690^**	–1.998	0.442^*	0.409^*	I (0)
GDP	–3.523^**	–0.481	–3.052^*	–1.781	0.508^**	0.464^**	I (0)
Eastern China
CO₂	–2.142	–2.139	–3.899^**	-2.158	0.585^**	0.395^*	I (0)
CCPU	–2.338	–2.791^*	–2.350	–2.791*	0.165	0.314	I (1)
EC	–5.410^***	–2.054	–9.605^***	-2.051	0.583^**	0.469^**	I (0)
GDP	–4.735^***	–1.771	–13.893^***	-1.469	0.603^**	0.504^**	I (0)
Southcentral China
CO₂	–2.363	–2.487	–7.835^***	–2.542	0.528^**	0.409^*	I (0)
CCPU	–2.338	–2.791^*	–2.350	–2.791^*	0.165	0.314	I (1)
EC	–4.188^***	–2.297	-6.731	–2.246	0.550^**	0.440^*	I (0)
GDP	–4.094^***	–1.976	-11.536^***	–1.826	0.605^**	0.479^**	I (0)
Southwest China
CO₂	–5.037^***	–1.926	–4.445^***	–1.925	0.503^**	0.484^**	I (0)
CCPU	–2.338	–2.791^*	–2.350	–2.791^*	0.165	0.314	I (1)
EC	–3.212^**	–2.656	–4.982^***	–2.656	0.549^**	0.479^**	I (0)
GDP	–2.716^*	–1.986	–3.453^**	–1.895	0.605^**	0.435^*	I (0)
Northwest China
CO₂	–1.571	–2.195	–2.153	–1.529	0.588^**	0.311	I (1)
CCPU	–2.338	–2.791^*	–2.350	–2.791^*	0.165	0.314	I (1)
EC	–1.440	–1.484	–2.992^*	–1.528	0.597^**	0.363	I (0)
GDP	–3.519^**	–1.978	–3.642^**	–1.904	0.595^**	0.435^*	I (0)

Note: (^***, ^**, ^*) denotes 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively.

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