Table 3 IV regression on the outcomes of the rehabilitation program.

From: Unraveling the effects of a rehabilitation program on the socioeconomic wellbeing of beggars and begging motivation: evidence from an urban area of Bangladesh

Variables

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Ln (HH per capita income)

Ln (HH per capita expenditure)

HDD score

PWI

Beneficiary of govt. rehabilitation program (1 = Yes, 0 = otherwise)

−0.486

0.601

0.0106

20.21

(0.863)

(0.906)

(0.173)

(40.10)

Other occupation besides begging (1 = Yes, 0 = otherwise)

0.428**

0.0404

0.0831

1.069

(0.171)

(0.186)

(0.0548)

(8.624)

Age (years)

−0.00741***

−0.000310

−0.000592

−0.0126

(0.00229)

(0.00231)

(0.000495)

(0.0808)

Gender (1 = Male, 0 = otherwise)

0.171**

0.150*

0.0445**

1.685

(0.0837)

(0.0877)

(0.0214)

(3.158)

Schooling years

−0.0258

−0.0208

−0.00599*

0.227

(0.0167)

(0.0149)

(0.00345)

(0.484)

Religion (other than Islam)

0.0606

0.347*

−0.00562

−1.227

(0.252)

(0.195)

(0.0590)

(10.22)

Number of marriages

0.116*

0.189**

0.0292*

−0.250

(0.0625)

(0.0750)

(0.0170)

(2.165)

Household size

−0.232***

−0.204***

0.00633

0.826

(0.0195)

(0.0174)

(0.00461)

(0.591)

Earning members

0.0696

0.176***

0.0306**

1.138

(0.0607)

(0.0565)

(0.0126)

(1.728)

Help from other members

−0.0214

−0.108

−0.0495***

1.047

(0.0755)

(0.0787)

(0.0175)

(2.544)

Migrated (1 = Yes, 0 = otherwise)

0.0670

0.0324

0.0188

−2.111

(0.0707)

(0.0704)

(0.0151)

(2.216)

Begging experience (year)

0.0102

−0.00317

−0.000471

−0.218

(0.00804)

(0.00855)

(0.00169)

(0.370)

Debt

0.00287

0.00345

0.00181

−0.503**

(0.00639)

(0.00693)

(0.00169)

(0.214)

Count of asset loss

0.0486

0.0727**

0.0356***

2.132**

(0.0299)

(0.0333)

(0.0110)

(1.021)

Special allowance during COVID-19 (1 = Yes, 0 = otherwise)

0.319***

0.00320

0.0499**

−3.731

(0.118)

(0.115)

(0.0234)

(4.071)

Workless days during COVID-19

5.61e-05

0.000656**

7.30e-05

−0.000380

(0.000274)

(0.000264)

(5.81e-05)

(0.00863)

Constant

8.240***

7.681***

0.235***

50.66***

(0.207)

(0.222)

(0.0438)

(7.818)

Weak Instrument test (α = 5%)a

Effective F stat = 3.410 < 29.71

 

/alpha

   

−16.36

   

(40.23)

/Ins

   

2.853***

   

(0.0338)

Inv

   

−1.073***

   

(0.0470)

Wald Chi/Wald Exogeneity

227.01***

179.27***

73.73***

0.17

R-squared

0.338

0.250

0.162

 

Observations

385

385

385

385

Robust standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

  1. aMontiel-Pflueger robust weak instrument test shows if the EF stat is less than the critical value, we can reject the null hypothesis of weak instrument
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