Table 4 Im, Pesaran, and Shin panel unit root test resultsFootnote
The null hypothesis is the existence of a unit root. For stationarity, the null hypothesis has to be rejected at at least 5% level of statistical significance.
.Series | Level | First difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Statistic | Probability | Statistic | Probability | |
\(GDP_{i,t}\) | 5.49 | 1.00 | −10.18** | <0.01 |
\(GDP\_TOT_{i,t}\) | 3.27 | 0.99 | −10.64** | <0.01 |
\(POP_{i,t}^ +\) | −1.56 | 0.06 | −6.52** | <0.01 |
\(POP_{i,t}^ -\) | 1.25 | 0.89 | −7.35** | <0.01 |
\(LABOR_{i,t}\) | −0.80 | 0.21 | −6.02** | <0.01 |
\(U\_ILO_{i,t}^{}\) | −5.83** | <0.01 |  |  |
