Table 3 Comparative analysis of the pedagogical subgroups: heterogeneity statistics.
Study | Average | 95% Confidence interval | Heterogeneity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohen’s d | Lower limit | Upper limit | p value | Q-value | Df | I2 value | |
Project-based | 0.374 | 0.137 | 0.612 | 0.002 | 8.115 | 4 | 50.71% |
Problem-based | 0.913 | 0.511 | 1.315 | 0.000 | 69.52 | 6 | 91.37% |
Inquiry-based | 0.882 | 0.536 | 1.227 | 0.000 | 62.54 | 8 | 87.20% |
Blended | 0.720 | −0.178 | 1.619 | 0.116 | 16.96 | 2 | 88.21% |
Game-based | 0.662 | 0.335 | 0.988 | 0.000 | 89.90 | 7 | 92.21% |
Virtual simulation | 0.407 | 0.089 | 0.724 | 0.012 | 4.74 | 2 | 57.83% |
Argument-based | 0.815 | 0.444 | 1.185 | 0.000 | 4.78 | 2 | 58.23% |
