Fig. 5: Regression-estimated containment policy effects (solid lines) on shop entrants and number of shops, users and riders with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines).

a–f display the regression-estimated policy effects on the following dependent variables at the district-week level: logarithm of the number of entrants, the share of chain store entrants, the share of multiapp (Koubei) entrants, the logarithm of the number of active shops, active users, and delivery riders. “2020w5” and “w15” refer to the first and last week of the lockdown of Wuhan, which are the 5th week in 2020 and the 15th week in 2020, respectively. Complete WH and YC denote the policy effects of complete lockdown in Wuhan and Yichang, respectively. Partial HZ and HRB denote the policy effects of partial lockdown in Hangzhou and Harbin, respectively. Checkpoint SZ and CQ denote the policy effects of checkpoints in Suzhou and Chongqing, respectively. No policy XA denotes Xi'an which did not have any containment policy. Please refer to the “Materials and methods” section for policy and control variables and regression specifications.