Table 2 Media-framing packages for the selected issues.
ADIZ establishment | Strategic negotiations | ECS resource dispute | |
|---|---|---|---|
Framing device | |||
Exemplars | • Counteractions against outer hostilities (39) • Effective ADIZ management (19) • Justifying the ADIZ (19) | • Explicitly and thoroughly stating China’s attitudes towards ECS issues (36) • Facilitating negotiations (25) • Reaching a consensus with Japan (18) • Exchanging opinions (13) | • Negotiations with Japan (52) • China’s resource exploitation (34) • Re-emphasis of China’s propositions (38) • Reaching an agreement and a consensus with Japan (15) |
Depictions | • Integrity and legitimacy of the ADIZ (76) • Safety function of the ADIZ (69) • Outer threats (23) | • ECS negotiation progress (55) • China’s determination to safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity (22) • Outer hostility (7) | • Negotiation and cooperation progress (61) • China’s self-defence efforts against Japan’s provocations (36) • Legal foundation of China’s ECS exploitation (32) |
Catchphrases | • Criticizing Japan’s irresponsible condemnation (37) | • Calling for and appreciating a better relationship with Japan (33) • Criticizing and warning Japan (12) | • Criticizing Japan’s irresponsible words and actions (21) • Expecting favourable Sino–Japanese relations (19) |
Reasoning device | |||
Principles | • Being good to find the solution (51) • Safety (44) • Abiding by international law and common practice (27) • Being good for aviation (23) | • Being cooperative and friendly (230) • Safeguarding core national interests (65) • Being responsible (64) | • Being good to find the solution (226) • Being defensive (59) |
Roots | • National defence (68) • Peace (54) | • Maintaining Sino–Japanese relations (61) • Maintaining Sino–American relations (6) • The importance of peace (4) • Complexity of the geopolitical situation (4) | • Japan covets ECS resources (34) • Sovereignty and maritime demarcation disputes (32) |
Consequences | • Foreign accusations and concerns (40) • Better national security (23) • Foreign hostile military actions (16) • International recognition (13) • More favourable conditions for aviation (8) | • Better partnerships with neighbouring countries (82) • International support of China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity (7) | • Sino–Japanese cooperation progress (83) • Facilitation of peace and stability (14) • China criticizes Japan (9) |
