Table 2 Specific items in the investigation.

From: Impact of 3D learning resources on learning resilience: mediating roles of positive emotion and cognitive load

Variables

Items

References

3D learning resources

Information quality

The content provided by the 3D learning resources is complete.

Chiu et al. (2007)

The content provided by the 3D learning resources is easy to comprehend.

The content of the course materials provided by the 3D learning resources is timely.

The course materials provided by the 3D learning resources are well represented with text and graphics.

The content of the course materials provided by the 3D learning resources is relevant to the topic of the course materials.

System quality

The 3D learning resources are easy to use.

Lin & Wang (2012)

The 3D learning resources are user-friendly.

The 3D learning resources are stable.

The response time of the 3D learning resources is acceptable.

The 3D learning resources have clear navigational tools and guidelines for assisting use.

Service quality

The 3D learning resources help me get problem solutions.

Wang & Chiu (2011)

The information provided by the 3D learning resources is reliable.

The 3D learning resources provide services from students’ perspective.

Positive emotion

Using the 3D learning resources to study is a good idea.

Davis et al. (1989)

Using the 3D learning resources to study is a wise idea.

I like the idea of using the 3D learning resources.

Using the 3D learning resources is pleasant.

Cognitive load

I felt that the content of the 3D learning resources was challenging for me.

Hong et al. (2017)

It was hard for me to predict the answers in the 3D learning resources.

I lost my attention when observing the animation in the 3D learning resources.

I had to focus really hard to adapt to the way the 3D learning resources transitioned.

Learning resilience

Perseverance

I would study harder when using the 3D learning resources.

Cassidy (2016)

I would keep trying when using the 3D learning resources.

I would use the feedback in the 3D learning resources to improve my learning.

I would try to think of new solutions through 3D learning resources.

Reflecting and adaptive help-seeking

I would try to think more about my strengths and weaknesses to help me learn better when using the 3D learning resources.

Cassidy (2016)

I would give myself encouragement when using the 3D learning resources.

I would try different ways to study when using the 3D learning resources.

I would seek help from my tutors when using the 3D learning resources.

I would start to monitor and evaluate my achievements and effort when using the 3D learning resources.

I would use my past successes to help motivate myself when using the 3D learning resources.

Negative affect and emotional response

I would feel like everything was ruined and was going wrong when using the 3D learning resources.

Cassidy (2016)

I would probably get depressed when using the 3D learning resources.

I would be very disappointed when using the 3D learning resources.

I would stop myself from panicking when using the 3D learning resources.

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