Table 12 Pairwise Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality tests for research model.
Null hypothesis: | W-Stat. | Zbar-Stat. | Prob. |
|---|---|---|---|
PATENT_RIGHTS do not homogeneously cause RESEARCH | 3.60041 | 2.25039 | 0.0244 |
RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause PATENT_RIGHTS | 2.46010 | 1.14176 | 0.2536 |
TERTIARY_ENROLLMENT does not homogeneously cause RESEARCH | 2.73161 | 1.40573 | 0.1598 |
RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause TERTIARY_ENROLLMENT | 2.12801 | 0.81890 | 0.4128 |
TERTIARY_FUNDING does not homogeneously cause RESEARCH | 1.81408 | 1.98369 | 0.0475 |
RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause TERTIARY_FUNDING | 1.68633 | 0.38948 | 0.6969 |
INTERNET_USERS does not homogeneously cause RESEARCH | 3.26671 | 1.92597 | 0.0541 |
RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause INTERNET_USERS | 2.99505 | 1.66186 | 0.0965 |
BANDWIDTH does not homogeneously cause RESEARCH | 6.02040 | 4.60317 | 4.E-06 |
RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause BANDWIDTH | 2.87518 | 1.54531 | 0.1223 |
PUBLISHED_ARTICLES do not homogeneously cause RESEARCH | 2.55095 | 1.23009 | 0.2187 |
RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause PUBLISHED_ARTICLES | 2.76929 | 1.44236 | 0.1492 |
FUNDING_PER_TERTIARY_STUDENT does not homogeneously cause RESEARCH | 1.15706 | −2.82508 | 0.0005 |
RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause FUNDING_PER_TERTIARY_STUDENT | 2.34849 | 1.03325 | 0.3015 |
