Table 14 Pairwise Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality tests for GDP per capita model.

From: Unleashing the potential: a quest to understand and examine the factors enriching research and innovation productivities of South Asian universities

Null Hypothesis:

W-Stat.

Zbar-Stat.

Prob.

RESEARCH does not homogeneously cause GDP_PER_CAPITA

3.34551

2.00258

0.0452

GDP_PER_CAPITA does not homogeneously cause RESEARCH

2.30556

0.99151

0.3214

INNOVATION does not homogeneously cause GDP_PER_CAPITA

1.71398

1.71637

0.0771

GDP_PER_CAPITA does not homogeneously cause INNOVATION

3.27574

1.93475

0.0530

  1. Source: Researcher’s calculation.
  2. The bold means the prob. values that are statistically significant.
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