Table 5 Pesaran CIPS panel unit root test results.

From: Unleashing the potential: a quest to understand and examine the factors enriching research and innovation productivities of South Asian universities

Panels

CIPS

Lags

Decision

Research

–3.628*

2

I(0)

Innovation

–2.737*

1

I(0)

Patent_Rights

–2.201**

1

I(I)

Tertiary_Enrollment

–3.677*

1

I(0)

Tertiary_Funding

–3.062**

1

I(1)

Funding_Per_Tertiary_Student

–2.215**

2

I(1)

Internet_Users

–2.270*

2

I(1)

Bandwidth

–2.805*

1

I(0)

Citations

–2.763*

2

I(1)

Gdp_Per_Capita

–1.639***

2

I(1)

  1. Source: Author’s calculation.
  2. *, **, and ***, denote the level of significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.
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