Table 7 Results of fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimate (CO2 is a dependent variable).

From: Globalization’s effects on South Asia’s carbon emissions, 1996–2019: a multidimensional panel data perspective via FGLS

 

Model A

Model B

Model C

Variables

Eq-1

Eq-2

Eq-3

Eq-4

Eq-5

Eq-6

Eq-7

Eq-8

Eq-9

ln GDP

0.03*** (0.01)

0.60*** (0.03)

0.80*** (0.01)

0.07*** (0.01)

0.60*** (0.03)

1.01*** (0.01)

0.14** (0.01)

0.40*** (0.01)

0.48*** (0.02)

ln RE

−0.78*** (0.02)

−0.26*** (0.05)

−0.87*** (0.01)

−0.65*** (0.01)

−0.21*** (0.05)

−0.88*** (0.01)

−0.67*** (0.01)

−0.54*** (0.01)

−0.68*** (0.01)

ln DCTPS

0.13*** (0.01)

0.07*** (0.01)

0.30*** (0.01)

0.15*** (0.01)

0.07** (0.02)

0.09*** (0.01)

0.21*** (0.01)

0.43*** (0.05)

0.35*** (0.02)

ln EG

0.86* (0.03)

        

ln SG

 

−0.13*** (0.04)

       

ln PG

  

−0.80*** (0.04)

      

ln EGdf

   

0.71*** (0.01)

     

ln SGdf

    

−0.10*** (0.01)

    

ln PGdf

     

−1.02*** (0.03)

   

ln EGdj

      

0.45*** (0.04)

  

ln SGdj

       

−0.45*** (0.08)

 

ln PGdj

        

−0.30*** (0.01)

R2

0.46

0.95

0.58

0.44

0.93

0.63

0.40

0.95

0.68

Adjusted R2

0.44

0.94

0.57

0.42

0.90

0.61

0.38

0.93

0.66

  1. ***, **, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% levels of confidence. The panel method is pooled estimation with a heterogenous long-run coefficient. The sandwich method is used to compute coefficient co-variance, and long-run co-variance is computed using Bartlett kernel Newley-West fixed bandwidth.
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