Table 8 Results of Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test.

From: Globalization’s effects on South Asia’s carbon emissions, 1996–2019: a multidimensional panel data perspective via FGLS

H0

W-Stat.

Z-bar-stat.

p-value

Result

ln GDP⇏ ln CO2**

2.54

1.67

0.09

Uni-directional

ln CO2⇏ GDP

1.06

−0.05

0.95

 

ln DCTPS⇏ ln CO2***

3.41

2.69

0.00

 

ln CO2⇏ ln DCTPS

2.32

1.42

0.15

Uni-directional

ln PG⇏ ln CO2***

4.66

4.14

3.E-05

 

ln CO2⇏ ln PG***

5.06

4.61

4.E-06

Bidirectional

ln SG⇏ ln CO2***

4.86

4.38

1.E-05

 

ln CO2⇏ ln SG

1.76

0.76

0.44

Uni-directional

ln PG⇏ ln EG**

2.74

1.91

0.05

 

ln EG⇏ ln PG***

11.49

12.12

0.00

Bidirectional

ln SG⇏ ln EG

1.95

0.98

0.32

 

ln EG⇏ ln SG***

10.09

10.48

0.00

Uni-directional

ln SG⇏ ln PG***

3.65

2.96

0.00

 

ln PG⇏ ln SG

0.99

−0.13

0.89

Uni-directional

  1. Note: ***and ** denote statistical significance at the 1% and 5% confidence levels with a two-tailed test.
Back to article page