Table 5 Regional GDP manipulation and livelihood investment.

This table presents the regressions results of regional GDP manipulation on regional livelihood investment, using province-year observations. The dependent variable is livelihood investment (SOCISRV), measured as the proportion of local education expenditure, social and employment security expenditure, and medical and health expenditure in public budget expenditure. The independent variable is regional GDP manipulation (GDPDIS), measured as the difference between the official GDP growth and the estimated true GDP growth. The regression samples include 30 provinces and municipalities (except Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 1998 to 2013. Columns (1) report the results based on ordinary OLS regression. The results reported in Columns (2) are based on fixed-effects models, which control annual and provincial fixed effects. Columns (1) and (2) control the level of regional economic development, industrial structure, fiscal self-sufficiency, fiscal status, population dependency ratio, and government competition on the original basis, the characteristics of the governor and the provincial party committee secretary, including gender, education, age, and source of employment. *, ** and *** indicate the level of statistical significance at the 10, 5, and 1% levels, respectively. All variable definitions are detailed in Table 1.

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