Table 1 Variables used for meta-analysis.
From: ICTs and economic performance nexus: meta-analysis evidence from country-specific data
Dimension | Variable | Definition | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
(1) Dependent variables | ICT_result | Â | 1.68 (0.895) |
ICT_p | =1, if the findings of ICTs are significantly positive | Â | |
ICT_n | =2, if the findings of ICTs are significantly negative | Â | |
ICT_i | =3, if the findings of ICTs are insignificant (base) | Â | |
Fisher’s z | Conversion form of t-statistic | 0.13 (0.250) | |
(2) Measurement of ICTs | ICT_measu | Â | 2.11 (1.077) |
internet | =1, if ICTs are measured in internet or broadband | Â | |
teledensity | =2, if ICTs are measured in fixed line or mobile | Â | |
ICT_index | =3, if ICTs are measured in a compound ICT indicator | Â | |
ICT_other | =4, if ICTs are measured in other ways removing the above three types | Â | |
(3) Measurement of economic performance | Eco_measu | Â | 1.72 (0.507) |
GDP | =1, if economic performance is measured in GDP | Â | |
GDP_per | =2, if economic performance is measured in GDP per capita | Â | |
prod | =3, if economic performance is measured in productivity | Â | |
(4) Development effects | Dev_effects | Â | 1.82 (0.874) |
dev_ing | =1, if estimates concern ICTs in developing countries | Â | |
dev_ed | =2, if estimates concern ICTs in developed countries | Â | |
dev_both | =3, if estimates concern ICTs in both developing and developed countries | Â | |
(5) ICTs in developing countries | Dev_ict | Â | 1.76 (0.627) |
dev_int | =1, if estimates concern internet or broadband in developing countries | Â | |
dev_mob | =2, if estimates concern mobile phones in developing countries | Â | |
dev_fix | =3, if estimates concern fixed-line telephones in developing countries | Â | |
(6) Region | Region_var | Â | 5.40 (3.669) |
Asia | =1, if the study is conducted in Asia | Â | |
Africa | =2, if the study is conducted in Africa | Â | |
Europe | =3, if the study is conducted in Europe | Â | |
G20 | =4, if the study is conducted in G20 countries | Â | |
OECD | =5, if the study is conducted in OECD countries | Â | |
reg_other | =6, if the study is conducted in other countries removing the above five regions | Â | |
developed | =7, if the study is conducted in developed countries | Â | |
developing | =8, if the study is conducted in developing countries | Â | |
h_income | =9, if the study is conducted in high-income countries | Â | |
lm_income | =10, if the study is conducted in low- and middle-income countries | Â | |
worldwide | =11, if the study is conducted in worldwide countries | Â | |
(7) Data type | Data_type | Â | 1.23 (0.488) |
panel | =1, if estimates relate to panel data | Â | |
time | =2, if estimates relate to time-series data | Â | |
cross | =3, if estimates relate to cross-section data | Â | |
(8) Sample size | number | Observations in the study | 521.94 (587.157) |
(9) Time span | timespan | Time period the data covered in the study | 21.04 (13.353) |
(10) Year of publication | Pub_year | Publish year of the study | 2015.47 (4.878) |
pub_year1 | =1, if the study is published before 2015 | Â | |
pub_year2 | =2, if the study is published after 2015 | Â |
