Table 6 Cumulative Fourier-frequency Toda & Yamamoto Test Results.

From: Is taxation a curse or a blessing? The case of Turkiye

Variables

H0: Variable ↛ GDP

H0: GDP ↛ Variable

Causality

F-Stat.

B. p-val

Lag

Freq.

F-Stat.

B. p-val

Lag

Freq.

IT

16.099**

0.048

7

3

21.964***

0.004

7

3

Variable

⟷

GDP

DT

6.392

0.382

6

3

15.919**

0.028

6

3

Variable

⟻

GDP

EXP

5.278**

0.04

1

3

0.97

0.303

1

3

Variable

⟼

GDP

  1. In the table; ↛ denotes the H0 hypothesis of Granger non-causality, “*”, “**” and “***” denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively. “⟼” and “⟻” denote unidirectional causality, “⟷” denotes bidirectional causality and “↮” denotes no causal link between the variables. Optimality is determined by the Akaike information criterion. Boostrap p-value obtained with 1,000 runs.
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