Table 1 OI vs. organizational identity.

Focus

Individuals’ association with the organization

Characteristics and traits defining the organization

Level of analysis

Individual level (employees and members)

Organizational level (entire organization)

Key aspects

Psychological attachment, loyalty, commitment

Self-concept, collective identity, strategic positioning

Contributions

Enhances employee engagement and retention

Defines organizational strategy and cohesion

Supports change management

Aids in navigating environmental changes

Improves organizational performance

Unifies stakeholders around common goals