Fig. 1: Overview of the PowerPoint (PPT) review game design.

This figure provides an overview of the interactive question format used in the PPT review game, featuring the “5W” questions (Who, What, When, Where, Why) to reinforce core scientific concepts and vocabulary. Students earned points by correctly answering questions, with options hidden under three selectable boxes to introduce an element of unpredictability and excitement. The scoring system assigned points randomly to maintain engagement and motivation, while incorrect answers triggered immediate feedback to facilitate learning. The game integrated gamification elements such as points, bonuses, and challenges to keep students motivated throughout the session. Additionally, the game included information slides that presented English words alongside their definitions, Chinese translations, and relevant images to support comprehension and retention. The PPT review game served as a control intervention, contrasting with the VR-based review games to evaluate the effectiveness of different multimodal inputs on students’ learning outcomes.