Table 2 Operational definitions of variables in this study.

From: What is a recognized mechanism for transforming big data analytics into firm performance? A meta-analysis from cultural view

Variables

Operational definitions

Common application forms/indicators

BDA

Various forms of BDA usage in the firms (Maroufkhani et al., 2019)

Big data analytics, big data analytics capabilities, big data usage, business analytics, and social media analytics, data-driven capabilities, marketing analytics

OA

Composed of organizational level (ORG) and process level (OPE) (Leonhardt et al., 2016)

ORG: Organizational and strategic agility; OPE: Customer agility, market agility, process agility, and supply chain agility

NC

Cultural dimensions: power distance (PDI), individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), uncertainty avoidance (UAI), masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO), and indulgence vs. restraint (IND) (Hofstede 2011)

Each dimension is measured on an index ranging from 0 to 100a.

FP

Financial performance (FIN) and non-financial performance (NFIN) (Franco-Santos et al., 2012)

FIN: net profit margin, return on investment, return on assets, return on equity, and sales growth.

NFIN: operational performance (productivity, product quality, process performance, cost reduction, and delivery); innovation performance (product innovation, process innovation, and marketing innovation), market performance (market share, new market exploration, new product introduction, and competitive advantages)

  1. aThe index for each dimension of different countries can be accessed at https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool. For details, see Table A3.
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