Table 7 Correlational effect sizes compared by Chinese culture context (immersive vs. non-immersive) and Chinese language background (L1 vs. L2).

From: Chinese morphological awareness assessment and its relation to reading acquisition: a cross-cultural meta-analysis

CMA-w.d.

    

Chinese Culture Context

Chinese Language Background (L1 vs. L2)

Number of Correlations (k)

r

95% CI (r)

Chinese, Taipei

Chinese L1

7

0.50

0.43, 0.53

 

Chinese L2

1

0.76

N.A.

HK, China

Chinese L1

20

0.40

0.36, 0.43

 

Chinese L2

3

0.51

0.24, 0.70

mainland China

Chinese L1

43

0.32

0.29, 0.36

 

Chinese L2

1

0.28

N.A.

Singapore

Chinese L1

2

0.60

0.50, 0.69

 

Chinese L2

2

0.47

0.11, 0.71

Non-immersive

Chinese L2

8

0.37

0.26, 0.47

CMA-v.

    

Chinese Culture Context

Chinese Language Background (L1 vs. L2)

Number of Correlations (k)

r

95% CI (r)

Chinese, Taipei

Chinese L1

6

0.54

0.44, 0.63

HK, China

Chinese L1

48

0.39

0.35, 0.43

 

Chinese L2

1

−0.01

N.A.

mainland China

Chinese L1

71

0.39

0.36, 0.41

 

Chinese L2

14

0.52

0.46, 0.57

Singapore

Chinese L1

1

0.42

0.29, 0.53

 

Chinese L2

3

0.42

0.19, 0.60

Non-immersive

Chinese L2

13

0.38

0.28, 0.47

CMA-r.c.

    

Chinese Culture Context

Chinese Language Background (L1 vs. L2)

Number of Correlations (k)

r

95% CI (r)

Chinese, Taipei

Chinese L1

1

0.63

N.A.

HK, China

Chinese L1

19

0.39

0.35, 0.44

 

Chinese L2

1

0.80

N.A.

mainland China

Chinese L1

69

0.34

0.31, 0.37

 

Chinese L2

10

0.44

0.35, 0.52

Singapore

Chinese L1

1

0.61

N.A.

 

Chinese L2

2

0.46

0.37, 0.54

Non-immersive

Chinese L2

7

0.37

0.27, 0.46

  1. CMA Chinese morphological awareness, w.d. word decoding, v. vocabulary, r.c. reading comprehension, N.A. not applicable.