Fig. 4: The maps illustrate the comparison of the Nighttime Light Development Index (NLDI) for centralized construction land (CCL) and decentralized construction land (DCL) in China in 2010 and 2020.

The spatial distribution of NLDI for CCL in 2010 (a), DCL in 2010 (b), CCL in 2020 (c), and DCL in 2020 (d) is shown, along with the temporal changes in NLDI for CCL (e) and DCL (f) between 2010 and 2020, and the differences in NLDI between CCL and DCL in 2010 (g) and 2020 (h).