Table 1 Participants’ Japanese language proficiency and frequency of use.

From: Effects of input modality and second-language vocabulary proficiency on processing of Japanese compound verbs

Group

JLPT N1

Self-assessment

Japanese usage

(hours/day)

Total

LK

L

L

S

R

W

Visual group

(N = 25)

158.48

(16.28)

54.96

(6.91)

49.80

(7.81)

4.88

(1.05)

4.08

(0.95)

5.28

(1.14)

4.40

(0.93)

5.96

(2.88)

Auditory group

(N = 25)

156.08

(17.04)

52.72

(5.92)

47.24

(9.77)

4.68

(0.90)

4.04

(1.06)

5.24

(1.01)

4.24

(0.83)

5.97

(2.44)

  1. Note: The maximum JLPT N1 test total score is 180, and the maximum language knowledge and listening test scores are each 60. In the self-assessment scale, participants were asked to rate their own abilities from 1 (very poor) to 7 (excellent). Results are shown as mean (standard deviation). LK, language knowledge; L, listening; S, speaking; R, reading; W, writing.
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