Fig. 4: Probability density of farmers’ adoption of AGPTs under different land transfer scenarios.

a Adoption levels under land transfer. The blue solid line represents farmers’ adoption of AGPTs, while the red dashed line shows the counterfactual. The peak of the dashed line shifts to the left compared to the solid line, indicating that farmers have a significantly lower adoption rate in the counterfactual scenario (without land transfer). b Adoption levels under no land transfer. The blue solid line represents farmers' adoption of AGPTs without land transfer, while the red dashed line shows the counterfactual. The peak of the solid line shifts to the left compared to the dashed line, indicating that farmers would show a significant increase in adoption if land were transferred.