Table 3 Comparison of Wavelet test results: FR vs FDI for Global context.

From: Foreign direct investment and foreign reserves linkage: a global study based on wavelet coherence and granger causality

Region

Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

All countries

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FDI ↔ FR (+)

Europe

Mixed Relationship

FR → FDI (+)

No-way

Africa

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FR → FDI (+)

North America

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FR → FDI (+)

South America

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FDI ↔ FR (+)

Asia and Oceania

FDI ↔ FR (+)

FR → FDI (+)

FDI ↔ FR (+)

  1. Source: Authors’ compilations based on the test results generated.