Table 1 TVHSS indicator system.

From: Reimagining heritage villages’ sustainability: machine learning-driven human settlement suitability in Hunan

Criterion layer

Factor layer

Indicator layer

Indicator attribute

Nature category (A1)

Topographic index (B1)

Degree of relief (C1)

-

Average elevation (C2)

-

Slope (C3)

-

Aspect (C4)

-

Climatic index (B2)

Annual average temperature (C5)

-

Annual average relative humidity (C6)

-

Annual average wind speed (C7)

-

Annual average air pressure (C8)

-

Hydrological index (B3)

Precipitation (C9)

+

Distance from water area (C10)

-

Ecological index (B4)

NDVI (C11)

+

Ecosystem service value (C12)

+

Land use intensity (C13)

-

Land use mix (C14)

+

Human category (A2)

Economic index (B5)

Commercial facility density (C15)

+

Distance from commercial facility (C16)

-

Primary industry added value (C17)

+

Secondary industry added value (C18)

+

Industrial enterprise above designated size (C19)

+

GDP (C20)

+

Traffic index (B6)

Distance from railway (C21)

-

Road network density (C22)

+

Distance from bus station (C23)

-

Distance from road (C24)

-

Pollution index (B7)

CO2(C25)

-

O3(C26)

-

SO2(C27)

-

PM10(C28)

-

PM2.5 (C29)

-

Social index (B8)

Nighttime lighting index (C30)

+

Population density (C31)

-

Hospital bed quantity in medical and health institutions (C32)

+

Distance from medical institution (C33)

-

Distance from educational institution (C34)

-

  1. For the direction of effects, “+“ indicates positive feedback, and the higher the value is, the higher the suitability index; “-“ indicates negative feedback, and the higher the value is, the lower the suitability index.