Fig. 4: Economic transactions between high-tech industries in Shenzhen and Dongguan and various kinds of knowledge-intensive producer services within and beyond the GBA.

a Professional services include legal, accounting,insurance, management consulting, and IT services. b Financial services include business banking and capital market services. c R&D services include research and design, technology transfer and commercialization, and intellectual property services. d Trade-related services include import/export trade, advertising, market research, testing, and digital commercial services. Source: Author's survey.