Table 4 Causal analysis.

From: Cultural innovations were boosted under the pressure of epidemic outbreaks in European History

Linkage

F

P

EPIDEMICS → CPIa

2.06

0.085†

CPI → EPIDEMICSa

1.30

0.179

EPIDEMICS → SDTIa

2.02

0.013*

CPI → SDTIa

1.02

0.425

SDTI → EPIDEMICSa

0.99

0.428

EPIDEMICS → SCOREb

25.73

<0.01**

EPIDEMICS → THINKERb

7.21

<0.01**

SCORE → EPIDEMICSb

0.65

0.514

THINKER → EPIDEMICSb

1.42

0.154

CPI → SCOREb

12.84

<0.01**

CPI → THINKERb

4.42

<0.01**

  1. †Significant at the 0.1 level *significant at the 0.05 level; **significant at the 0.01 level.P represents P-value. For more information on causal analysis, kindly refer to Supplementary Materials.
  2. aThe linkages were tested by GCA.
  3. bThe linkages were tested by Poisson regression modified from GCA.
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