Table 3 Comparison of the existing virtual classroom schemes.
Technology | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
Immersive VR (Makransky and Mayer 2022) | Positive longitudinal effects for learning, higher ratings of presence, interest, and enjoyment | Depending on the VR head-mounted display(HMD), the cost of purchasing and maintaining equipment, and temporal and practical constraints |
Fully immersive VR application (Seufert et al. 2022) | Enhancing teachers’ classroom management competencies has a positive effect on the learning outcomes of students | Being equipped with an HMD, headphones, and 3D controllers, achieving the same grade as watching the lecture video |
Virtual classroom conducted on digital communication platforms (Islam et al. 2023) | Students' learning autonomy, providing students with more opportunities for education | Depending on popular webinar applications, being limited by good internet connectivity and suitable devices |
Virtual classes with different live streaming styles (Florez 2022) | Timely interaction and various styles | Limitations of the scope of use for each style, the dependence of learning outcomes on learners’ subjective preferences |
Electronic classroom with the chat box or other interactive online features (Ho et al. 2023) | Providing opportunities for students who are not good at conversational expression | Not conducive to improving learning effectiveness |
Meta classroom based on 5 G and VR (the proposed scheme) | Synchronous online and offline teaching, digital avatars of all students in a real classroom, and online students in a virtual classroom | Relying on the development of infrastructures, such as 5 G networks |
