Table 6 Country-level treatment effects of age.

From: Low well-being among middle-aged people: inherent or external factors

Country

Country name

\({{{\rm {CTE}}}}_{{{\rm {Yo}}}-{{\rm {MA}}}}^{{{\rm {Country}}}}\)

\({{{\rm {CTE}}}}_{{{\rm {MA}}}-{{\rm {El}}}}^{{{\rm {Country}}}}\)

\({{{\rm {CTE}}}}_{{{\rm {Yo}}}-{{\rm {El}}}}^{{{\rm {Country}}}}\)

Style

AFG

Afghanistan

0.026*

0.185***

0.211***

Younger Enjoy

AGO

Angola

0.211***

0.576***

0.787***

Younger Enjoy

ALB

Albania

0.231***

−0.105***

0.126***

Middle-age Suffer

ARE

United Arab Emirates

0.009

−0.385***

−0.376***

Older Enjoy

ARG

Argentina

0.271***

0.002

0.273***

Younger Enjoy

ARM

Armenia

0.201***

0.044***

0.245***

Younger Enjoy

AUS

Australia

−0.311***

−0.224***

−0.535***

Older Enjoy

AUT

Austria

0.038***

−0.037***

0.002

Middle-age Suffer

AZE

Azerbaijan

0.127***

0.117***

0.245***

Younger Enjoy

BDI

Burundi

−0.022

0.077***

0.055***

Younger Enjoy

BEL

Belgium

0.028***

−0.016

0.012

No Trend

BEN

Benin

0.017

−0.115***

−0.097***

Older Enjoy

BFA

Burkina Faso

−0.049***

−0.189***

−0.237***

Older Enjoy

BGD

Bangladesh

−0.086***

−0.165***

−0.250***

Older Enjoy

BGR

Bulgaria

0.090***

0.070***

0.161***

Younger Enjoy

BHR

Bahrain

0.035**

−0.196***

−0.161***

Middle−age Suffer

BIH

Bosnia and Herzegovina

0.298***

0.129***

0.427***

Younger Enjoy

BLR

Belarus

0.135***

0.213***

0.349***

Younger Enjoy

BLZ

Belize

−0.075

−0.171***

−0.246***

Older Enjoy

BOL

Bolivia

0.197***

−0.301***

−0.104***

Middle−age Suffer

BRA

Brazil

0.094***

−0.258***

−0.164***

Middle-age Suffer

BTN

Bhutan

0.02

−0.030**

−0.01

No Trend

BWA

Botswana

0.257***

0.123***

0.380***

Younger Enjoy

CAF

Central African Republic

0.058***

−0.100***

−0.042**

Middle-age Suffer

CAN

Canada

−0.259***

−0.163***

−0.423***

Older Enjoy

CHE

Switzerland

−0.040***

−0.076***

−0.116***

Older Enjoy

CHL

Chile

0.283***

0.095***

0.378***

Younger Enjoy

CHN

China

0.009

−0.332***

−0.323***

Older Enjoy

CIV

Ivory Coast

0.019

−0.157***

−0.138***

Older Enjoy

CMR

Cameroon

0.174***

−0.061***

0.113***

Middle-age Suffer

COD

Democratic Republic of the Congo

0.070***

−0.222***

−0.152***

Middle-age Suffer

COG

Republic of the Congo

0.011

0.108***

0.119***

Younger Enjoy

COL

Colombia

0.072***

−0.025*

0.046***

Middle-age Suffer

COM

Comoros

0.007

0.01

0.017

No Trend

CRI

Costa Rica

0.031**

−0.054***

−0.023*

Middle-age Suffer

CYP

Cyprus

0.178***

−0.119***

0.059***

Middle-age Suffer

CZE

Czechia

0.212***

0.170***

0.382***

Younger Enjoy

DEU

Germany

0.122***

0.025***

0.146***

Younger Enjoy

DNK

Denmark

−0.072***

−0.253***

−0.325***

Older Enjoy

DOM

Dominican Republic

0.412***

−0.357***

0.055***

Middle-age Suffer

DZA

Algeria

0.002

0.057***

0.059***

Younger Enjoy

ECU

Ecuador

0.341***

0.098***

0.439***

Younger Enjoy

EGY

Egypt

0.112***

−0.151***

−0.039***

Middle-age Suffer

ESP

Spain

0.098***

0.059***

0.157***

Younger Enjoy

EST

Estonia

0.147***

0.006

0.152***

Younger Enjoy

ETH

Ethiopia

0.001

−0.130***

−0.129***

Older Enjoy

FIN

Finland

−0.019*

0.086***

0.067***

Middle−age Enjoy

FRA

France

0.092***

−0.006

0.087***

Younger Enjoy

GAB

Gabon

0.184***

0.241***

0.425***

Younger Enjoy

GBR

United Kingdom

−0.027***

−0.136***

−0.163***

Older Enjoy

GEO

Georgia

0.171***

−0.029*

0.141***

Middle-age Suffer

GHA

Ghana

−0.014

−0.011

−0.025*

No Trend

GIN

Guinea

−0.062***

−0.097***

−0.159***

Older Enjoy

GMB

Gambia

−0.084***

0.397***

0.312***

Middle-age Enjoy

GRC

Greece

0.375***

0.119***

0.494***

Younger Enjoy

GTM

Guatemala

0.127***

−0.102***

0.025*

Middle-age Suffer

HKG

Hong Kong

−0.113***

0.024

−0.089***

Older Enjoy

HND

Honduras

0.263***

−0.139***

0.124***

Middle-age Suffer

HRV

Croatia

0.260***

0.257***

0.517***

Younger Enjoy

HTI

Haiti

0.101***

0.001

0.102***

Younger Enjoy

HUN

Hungary

0.233***

0.052***

0.286***

Younger Enjoy

IDN

Indonesia

0.045***

−0.346***

−0.301***

Middle-age Suffer

IND

India

−0.012*

−0.087***

−0.099***

Older Enjoy

IRL

Ireland

0.049***

−0.214***

−0.165***

Middle-age Suffer

IRN

Iran

0.294***

−0.053***

0.241***

Middle-age Suffer

IRQ

Iraq

0.019

−0.042***

−0.024*

Older Enjoy

ISL

Iceland

−0.044***

−0.058***

−0.102***

Older Enjoy

ISR

Israel

0.177***

0.048***

0.226***

Younger Enjoy

ITA

Italy

0.189***

0.078***

0.268***

Younger Enjoy

JAM

Jamaica

−0.081***

−0.244***

−0.325***

Older Enjoy

JOR

Jordan

0.094***

−0.106***

−0.011

Middle-age Suffer

JPN

Japan

−0.149***

0.019

−0.131***

Older Enjoy

KAZ

Kazakhstan

−0.073***

−0.188***

−0.261***

Older Enjoy

KEN

Kenya

0.122***

0.143***

0.265***

Younger Enjoy

KGZ

Kyrgyzstan

0.017

−0.185***

−0.169***

Older Enjoy

KHM

Cambodia

−0.160***

−0.294***

−0.454***

Older Enjoy

KOR

South Korea

0.354***

−0.036**

0.319***

Middle-age Suffer

KWT

Kuwait

−0.089***

−0.395***

−0.484***

Older Enjoy

LAO

Laos

−0.160***

−0.075***

−0.236***

Older Enjoy

LBN

Lebanon

0.266***

−0.068***

0.198***

Middle-age Suffer

LBR

Liberia

0.01

−0.041*

−0.031

No Trend

LBY

Libya

0.007

−0.426***

−0.418***

Older Enjoy

LKA

Sri Lanka

−0.136***

−0.148***

−0.284***

Older Enjoy

LSO

Lesotho

0.392***

−0.026

0.366***

Younger Enjoy

LTU

Lithuania

0.153***

0.063***

0.215***

Younger Enjoy

LUX

Luxembourg

0.064***

−0.054***

0.01

Middle-age Suffer

LVA

Latvia

0.139***

−0.02

0.120***

Younger Enjoy

MAR

Morocco

−0.081***

−0.163***

−0.245***

Older Enjoy

MDA

Moldova

0.230***

0.219***

0.449***

Younger Enjoy

MDG

Madagascar

−0.01

−0.104***

−0.114***

Older Enjoy

MDV

Maldives

0.082*

−0.299***

−0.217***

Middle-age Suffer

MEX

Mexico

0.075***

0.236***

0.311***

Younger Enjoy

MKD

North Macedonia

0.251***

−0.029*

0.222***

Middle-age Suffer

MLI

Mali

−0.041***

0.095***

0.054***

Middle-age Enjoy

MLT

Malta

0.115***

−0.086***

0.029**

Middle-age Suffer

MMR

Myanmar

−0.302***

−0.339***

−0.641***

Older Enjoy

MNE

Montenegro

0.276***

−0.062***

0.214***

Middle-age Suffer

MNG

Mongolia

−0.240***

−0.123***

−0.363***

Older Enjoy

MOZ

Mozambique

0.056**

0.170***

0.226***

Younger Enjoy

MRT

Mauritania

−0.125***

−0.054*

−0.179***

Older Enjoy

MUS

Mauritius

−0.055***

−0.376***

−0.431***

Older Enjoy

MWI

Malawi

0.259***

−0.166***

0.093***

Middle-age Suffer

MYS

Malaysia

0.049***

−0.032***

0.017

Middle-age Suffer

NAM

Namibia

0.062***

0.104***

0.166***

Younger Enjoy

NER

Niger

−0.043***

−0.156***

−0.199***

Older Enjoy

NGA

Nigeria

−0.044***

0.224***

0.181***

Middle-age Enjoy

NIC

Nicaragua

0.353***

−0.286***

0.067***

Middle-age Suffer

NLD

Netherlands

−0.001

−0.086***

−0.087***

Older Enjoy

NOR

Norway

−0.050***

−0.139***

−0.190***

Older Enjoy

NPL

Nepal

0.035***

−0.258***

−0.223***

Middle-age Suffer

NZL

New Zealand

−0.193***

−0.301***

−0.494***

Older Enjoy

PAK

Pakistan

−0.042***

0.150***

0.108***

Middle-age Enjoy

PAN

Panama

0.149***

0.001

0.150***

Younger Enjoy

PER

Peru

0.026**

0.092***

0.118***

Younger Enjoy

PHL

Philippines

0.063***

−0.295***

−0.232***

Middle-age Suffer

POL

Poland

0.163***

−0.102***

0.061***

Middle-age Suffer

PRI

Puerto Rico

−0.044

0.238***

0.195***

Younger Enjoy

PRT

Portugal

0.238***

0.038**

0.276***

Younger Enjoy

PRY

Paraguay

0.269***

−0.039***

0.230***

Middle-age Suffer

PSE

West Bank and Gaza

0.235***

−0.063***

0.172***

Middle-age Suffer

QAT

Qatar

−0.159***

0.029

−0.130***

Older Enjoy

ROU

Romania

0.316***

−0.033*

0.283***

Middle-age Suffer

RUS

Russia

0.194***

0.109***

0.303***

Younger Enjoy

RWA

Rwanda

0.028**

0.104***

0.131***

Younger Enjoy

SAU

Saudi Arabia

−0.241***

−0.236***

−0.477***

Older Enjoy

SDN

Sudan

−0.001

0.030*

0.029*

Younger Enjoy

SEN

Senegal

0.078***

−0.176***

−0.097***

Middle-age Suffer

SGP

Singapore

−0.056***

−0.092***

−0.148***

Older Enjoy

SLE

Sierra Leone

−0.196***

0.425***

0.229***

Middle-age Enjoy

SLV

El Salvador

0.334***

−0.166***

0.167***

Middle-age Suffer

SOM

Somalia

0.386***

0.071***

0.457***

Younger Enjoy

SRB

Serbia

0.295***

0.021

0.317***

Younger Enjoy

SSD

South Sudan

0.194***

−0.342***

−0.148***

Middle-age Suffer

SUR

Suriname

−0.112**

0.103***

−0.009

Middle-age Enjoy

SVK

Slovakia

0.166***

0.129***

0.295***

Younger Enjoy

SVN

Slovenia

0.366***

−0.083***

0.284***

Middle-age Suffer

SWE

Sweden

−0.200***

−0.109***

−0.309***

Older Enjoy

SWZ

Eswatini

0.330***

−0.140***

0.190***

Middle-age Suffer

SYR

Syria

−0.103***

0.192***

0.089***

Middle-age Enjoy

TCD

Chad

−0.013

−0.622***

−0.635***

Older Enjoy

TGO

Togo

−0.106***

0.089***

−0.017

Middle-age Enjoy

THA

Thailand

0.158***

−0.242***

−0.084***

Middle-age Suffer

TJK

Tajikistan

0.082***

0.098***

0.180***

Younger Enjoy

TKM

Turkmenistan

−0.066***

0

−0.066***

Older Enjoy

TTO

Trinidad and Tobago

−0.448***

0.073

−0.375***

Older Enjoy

TUN

Tunisia

0.012

−0.171***

−0.159***

Older Enjoy

TUR

Turkey

0.063***

−0.109***

−0.047***

Middle-age Suffer

TWN

Taiwan

−0.019

−0.106***

−0.124***

Older Enjoy

TZA

Tanzania

−0.138***

−0.060***

−0.197***

Older Enjoy

UGA

Uganda

0.012

0.105***

0.117***

Younger Enjoy

UKR

Ukraine

0.242***

0.173***

0.415***

Younger Enjoy

URY

Uruguay

0.194***

−0.091***

0.102***

Middle-age Suffer

USA

United States of America

−0.125***

−0.262***

−0.387***

Older Enjoy

UZB

Uzbekistan

−0.272***

−0.669***

−0.941***

Older Enjoy

VEN

Venezuela

0.137***

0.047**

0.184***

Younger Enjoy

VNM

Vietnam

0.043***

−0.154***

−0.111***

Middle-age Suffer

XKX

Kosovo

0.188***

−0.136***

0.051***

Middle-age Suffer

XNC

 

0.045**

−0.453***

−0.408***

Middle-age Suffer

XNK

 

−0.02

−0.01

−0.03

No Trend

XSR

 

0.213***

0.058***

0.271***

Younger Enjoy

YEM

Yemen

0.178***

−0.081***

0.098***

Middle-age Suffer

ZAF

South Africa

−0.031**

−0.178***

−0.209***

Older Enjoy

ZMB

Zambia

−0.091***

0.238***

0.147***

Middle-age Enjoy

ZWE

Zimbabwe

0.004

−0.163***

−0.159***

Older Enjoy

  1. Yo represents the young population, MA represents the middle-aged population, and El represents the elderly population. Country-level treatment effects estimations follow Eq. (37).
  2. ***p-value < 1%; **p-value < 5%; *p-value < 1%.
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