Table 1 Comparison of different energy poverty indices.

EPI

\(EPI=\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i=1}^{n}{w}_{i}{D}_{i}\)

_{Aggregating weighted deprivations across multiple dimensions.}

Pachauri et al. (2004)

LIHC

\(LIHC=I[(Y < {Y}_{m})\wedge (C\, >\, {C}_{m})]\)

_{Comparing income levels and energy expenditures.}

Hills (2012)

MEPI

\(MEPI=\frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{j=1}^{N}\left(\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i=1}^{n}{w}_{ij}I\,\left({D}_{ij}\, >\, {\theta }_{i}\right)\right)\)

_{Using household weights and thresholds.}

Nussbaumer et al. (2012)

FGT

\({P}_{\alpha }=\frac{1}{N}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i=1}^{N}\left[\frac{({z}_{i}-{y}_{i})\times I(\,{z}_{i}\, >\, {y}_{i})}{{z}_{i}}\right]}^{\alpha }\)

_{Comparing a household’s energy expenditure with the household-specific energy poverty line.}

Ye and Koch (2021)