Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables.

From: Evaluating China’s carbon neutrality transition: a system framework using a two-stage dynamic non-radial directional distance function

Year	Variable	Unit	Average	SD	Min	Max
2013	Population	10,000 persons	4507	2728	578	10,644
	Energy	10,000 tce	14,250	8389	1720	35,358
	GDP	100 million RMB	21,118	15,542	2122	62,475
	CO₂	10,000 mt	42,590	28,401	6236	121,092
	Land	1000 hectares	19,315	18,292	587	84,220
	EECEP	100 million RMB	111	60	23	308
	CERC	10,000 tce	200	304	3	1532
	Afforestation	hectares	200,348	165,763	862	805,156
	Capital	100 million RMB	14,659	8953	2361	36,789
2014	Population	10,000 persons	4531	2740	583	10,724
	Energy	10,000 tce	14,665	8536	1820	36,511
	GDP	100 million RMB	22,781	16,810	2303	67,810
	CO₂	10,000 mt	43,135	29,159	6128	129,496
	Land	1000 hectares	19,369	18,024	560	82,581
	EECEP	100 million RMB	115	57	23	259
	CERC	10,000 tce	250	344	7	1681
	Afforestation	hectares	181,787	136,676	899	559,247
	Capital	100 million RMB	16,823	10,331	2861	42,496
2015	Population	10,000 persons	4559	2759	588	10,849
	Energy	10,000 tce	14,911	8681	1938	37,945
	GDP	100 million RMB	24,058	18,046	2417	72,813
	CO₂	10,000 mt	43,185	30,122	5644	137,691
	Land	1000 hectares	19,983	18,643	605	84,750
	EECEP	100 million RMB	145	76	32	322
	CERC	10,000 tce	300	373	12	1812
	Afforestation	hectares	252,707	178,158	3241	704,054
	Capital	100 million RMB	18,505	11,588	3211	48,312
2016	Population	10,000 persons	4588	2785	593	10,999
	Energy	10,000 tce	15,192	8861	2006	38,723
	GDP	100 million RMB	25,964	19,938	2572	80,855
	CO₂	10,000 mt	43723	31,421	6583	147,296
	Land	1000 hectares	20,597	19,286	651	86,920
	EECEP	100 million RMB	147	77	37	363
	CERC	10,000 tce	418	467	17	2238
	Afforestation	hectares	237,057	182,105	3941	618,484
	Capital	100 million RMB	19,983	13,056	3528	53,323
2017	Population	10,000 persons	4616	2810	598	11,169
	Energy	10,000 tce	15,562	8945	2103	38,684
	GDP	100 million RMB	28,194	22,025	2625	89,705
	CO₂	10,000 mt	44,899	32,006	6293	146,785
	Land	1000 hectares	21,211	19,952	696	89,090
	EECEP	100 million RMB	174	102	36	458
	CERC	10,000 tce	572	586	20	2716
	Afforestation	hectares	252,485	199,791	2680	680,453
	Capital	100 million RMB	21,501	14,161	3728	55,203
2018	Population	10,000 persons	4644	2834	603	11,346
	Energy	10,000 tce	15,790	9388	2170	40,581
	GDP	100 million RMB	30,441	23,731	2865	97,278
	CO₂	10,000 mt	46,338	34,464	6156	151,944
	Land	1000 hectares	22,144	21,106	778	93,165
	EECEP	100 million RMB	194	120	61	567
	CERC	10,000 tce	739	678	25	3117
	Afforestation	hectares	240,030	173,045	3183	600,956
	Capital	100 million RMB	22,669	14,836	3344	55,994
2019	Population	10,000 persons	4668	2855	608	11,521
	Energy	10,000 tce	16,311	9632	2264	41,390
	GDP	100 million RMB	32,788	25,775	2966	107,671
	CO₂	10,000 mt	48,034	35,920	6077	155,782
	Land	1000 hectares	23,077	22,283	860	97,240
	EECEP	100 million RMB	231	141	54	747
	CERC	10,000 tce	856	744	33	3391
	Afforestation	hectares	242,626	177,036	5003	720,285
	Capital	100 million RMB	23,986	15,785	3000	58,850
2020	Population	10,000 persons	4688	3004	593	12,624
	Energy	10,000 tce	16,534	9817	2271	41,845
	GDP	100 million RMB	33,684	26,489	3006	110,761
	CO₂	10,000 mt	48,457	36,762	5617	154,381
	Land	1000 hectares	23,080	22,290	860	97,239
	EECEP	100 million RMB	198	114	49	518
	CERC	10,000 tce	991	823	41	3739
	Afforestation	hectares	226,975	154,978	2535	649,981
	Capital	100 million RMB	25,462	16,990	2691	61,851
2021	Population	10,000 persons	4690	3011	594	12,684
	Energy	10,000 tce	17,462	10,333	2446	44,611
	GDP	100 million RMB	37,855	29,776	3347	124,370
	CO₂	10,000 mt	50,520	37,028	6715	154,397
	Land	1000 hectares	23,083	22,297	860	97,238
	EECEP	100 million RMB	174	99	47	494
	CERC	10,000 tce	1338	1120	41	4823
	Afforestation	hectares	121,937	94,778	2740	338,830
	Capital	100 million RMB	27,277	18,322	2750	65,439
2022	Population	10,000 persons	4687	3010	595	12,657
	Energy	10,000 tce	17,844	10,823	2424	48,167
	GDP	100 million RMB	40,044	31,126	3610	129,119
	CO₂	10,000 mt	50,863	37,406	6421	147,678
	Land	1000 hectares	23,086	22,304	860	97,237
	EECEP	100 million RMB	173	90	29	465
	CERC	10,000 tce	1620	1279	58	5407
	Afforestation	hectares	137,420	106,862	35	381,952
	Capital	100 million RMB	28,824	19,672	3030	67,925

tce is tons of standard coal equivalent, RMB is renminbi, and mt is metric tons.

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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables.

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