Fig. 2: Comparison of pension standards, pension scales, and pension-to-GDP ratios between global coastal and interior areas (2030-2060).

a Comparison between pension standards of global coastal and interior areas in 2030 and 2060 under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). b Variation in pension standards from 2030−2060. c Comparison of pension scales between 2030 and 2060. d Changes in pension scales from 2030 to 2060. e Proportion of pension scales to GDP.