Table 3 SHC Dimensions Summary and Comparison.

Healthy Environment City

• Focuses on creating health-promoting physical environments with accessible infrastructure and services.

• Emphasizes urban design elements that facilitate physical activity, provide easy access to healthcare services, and promote overall wellbeing through efficient health systems integration.

Physical Urban Infrastructure for Health

7

4.05 (0.21)

Health-promoting urban environment elements (4.29)

HE: 3.77(0.96)

SR: 3.77(1.02)

SC: 3.71(1.05)

Foudational Theory:

• Socio-ecological Theory: Physical environmental level of health influenc

Integrative Theories:

• Systems Thinking: Interconnected urban environment systems

• Smart City Theory: Integration of health-promoting technologies in urban spaces

Easy access to healthcare services (4.21)

Highly efficient in improving health (4.15)

Encompassing smart city and healthy city concepts (4.14)

Smart Networking City

• Leverages digital connectivity and information sharing to enhance healthcare delivery, facilitate inter-agency collaboration, and engage citizens.

• Focuses on breaking down technological barriers and using digital innovations to transform traditional healthcare approaches.

Digital Connectivity for Health System Transformation

13

3.95

(0.24)

Going beyond traditional healthcare through smart technologies (4.50)

HE: 3.50(1.13)

SR: 4.30(0.63)

SC: 3.85(0.89)

Foundational Theory:

• Smart City Theory: Technological solutions for urban health challenges

Integrative Theories:

• Participatory Urban Planning: Digital citizen engagement

• Systems Thinking: Connectivity between stakeholders and agencies

Using digital technology to reorient healthcare (4.21)

No barriers to utilizing smart technologies (4.14)

Application of bio and industrial technologies felt by citizens (4.07)

Socially Sustainable City

• Promoting social inclusivity, addressing community health needs, and ensuring quality of life for vulnerable populations.

• Emphasizes collective wellbeing, intergenerational harmony, and solutions to social challenges including aging and inequality.

Inclusive Community Wellbeing

17

3.85

(0.31)

Targeting the health of the entire community (4.50)

HE: 4.16(0.79)

SR: 3.18(1.14)

SC: 3.67(0.99)

Foundational Theory:

• Health Equity & Social Determinants: Focus on vulnerable populations

Integrative Theories:

• Participatory Urban Planning: Inclusive policies and community-centered approaches

• Capabilities Approach: Enhancing dignity regardless of circumstances

Enhancing quality of life for people with disabilities (4.07)

Improving quality of life for the elderly (4.07)

Offering solutions to aging population challenges (4.00)

Health Empowering City

• Focused on building resilience and enhancing capabilities at both individual and system levels,

• Emphasizing preventive approaches, adaptive capacity development, and empowerment of citizens to take control of their health trajectories through personalized services and community-based preventive measures.

Individual and System-Level Resilience and Capability Building

20

3.73

(0.34)

Model for disease prevention (4.29)

HE: 3.62(0.98)

SR: 3.38(1.12)

SC: 3.68(1.05)

Foundational Theory:

• Capabilities Approach: Development of individual and collective capabilities to achieve health and wellbeing

Integrative Theories:

• Systems Thinking: Systemic resilience and adaptive capacity across multiple urban scales

• Participatory Urban Planning: Co-production of preventive health strategies and empowerment mechanisms

Public health city safe from infectious diseases (4.29)

Social model that scales healthy living behaviors (4.14)

Providing personalized and customized services (4.07)

Maintaining personal quality of life (4.07)