Table 2 Classification and definition of campus football policy tools.

From: Policy evolution in China’s campus football: a mixed-methods analysis of policy documents (2009–2025)

Tool category

Policy tools

Definition

Supply-

oriented

Talent development

Government policies aim to promote the development of key personnel, such as teachers, involved in campus football.

Capital investment

The government provides direct or indirect financial support to facilitate the development of campus football.

Infrastructure construction

Policies aimed at supporting the construction of infrastructure related to campus football.

Technical support

Government policies that provide technical support for the development of campus football.

Information service

The government actively facilitates the popularization and promotion of campus football.

Environmental

Regulatory control

The government has established a series of rules and regulations to promote the development of campus football.

Target planning

The government has developed a phased plan outlining the development of campus football over a specified period.

Strategic measure

Measures and strategies formulated by the government to support the development of campus football.

Tax incentive

Reduce taxes and fees related to investment, production, and consumption for enterprises and social sports organizations engaged in the development of campus football.

Demand-

oriented

Government procurement

The government directly procures the necessary technologies, services, or products to support the development of campus football.

Trade control

Government regulation of industry trade and event sponsorship associated with campus football.

Outsource services

The government has delegated certain campus football operations to enterprises or sports organizations.

Overseas exchange

The government facilitates international exchange and cooperation in campus football with other countries and regions.