Table 5 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) – Pathway Analysis.

From: Bridging the legal divide: evaluating stakeholder awareness, regulatory effectiveness, and governance gaps in sustainable development across urban and rural China

Path

Standardized β

S.E.

CR

p-value

Supported

Legal Awareness → Perceived Effectiveness

0.48

0.06

8.00

<0.001**

Yes

Regulatory Enforcement → Environmental Outcome

0.52

0.07

7.43

<0.001**

Yes

Perceived Effectiveness → Environment

0.41

0.05

7.20

<0.001**

Yes

Region (Urban-Rural) → Economic Outcome

−0.34

0.09

−3.78

0.004**

Yes

Participation → Social Equity

0.57

0.08

7.13

<0.001**

Yes

Urban–Rural Disparity × Enforcement → Environment

−0.29

0.10

−2.91

0.013*

Yes

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