Table 11 Granger non-causality test.

From: Digitalization and institutional quality as drivers of global value chains: evidence from ASEAN using CS-ARDL Analysis

Variables

Z-bar

p-value

GDP → GVC

−3.1047

0.0016

EM → GVC

3.0167

0.0026

IQ → GVC

2.1305

0.0331

DGT → GVC

3.0523

0.0023

NRR → GVC

9.0898

0.0000

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