Table 1 Final selection of factors and sub-factors.
Factors | Sub-factors | Description |
|---|---|---|
Environmental impact (EB1) | Emission reduction programs (EB11) | Implementing initiatives to reduce carbon emissions from tourism-related activities (Adjei-Mantey et al., 2023). |
Renewable energy adoption (EB12) | Increasing the use of solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources in tourism facilities (Pata et al., 2023). | |
Ecosystem restoration projects (EB13) | Supporting efforts to restore and preserve local ecosystems and biodiversity (Shasha et al., 2020). | |
Sustainable water management (EB14) | Utilizing advanced systems for water conservation and recycling in tourist operations (H. Liu et al., 2021). | |
Consumer awareness (EB2) | Green practice education (EB21) | Providing comprehensive educational resources about sustainable tourism practices (Suardani et al., 2023). |
Eco-friendly activity promotion (EB22) | Highlighting and marketing low-impact recreational activities (Chou et al., 2021). | |
Eco-certification visibility (EB23) | Making eco-certifications easily visible and understandable for consumers (Karlsson and Dolnicar, 2016). | |
Sustainable engagement programs (EB24) | Creating initiatives that engage tourists in sustainable practices and conservation efforts (Lesar et al., 2023). | |
Marketing strategies (EB3) | Targeted digital campaigns (EB31) | Employing online marketing tactics specifically aimed at eco-conscious consumers (Schönherr et al., 2023). |
Social media advocacy (EB32) | Utilizing social media platforms to promote sustainable travel options (Hardt and Glückstad, 2024). | |
Sustainable brand development (EB33) | Building a brand identity focused on sustainability and environmental responsibility (Chang et al., 2022). | |
Influencer collaborations (EB34) | Partnering with influencers who promote green travel to expand reach (T. Zhang and Huang, 2022). | |
Government policies (EB4) | Sustainable tourism incentives (EB41) | Providing financial incentives for tourism businesses adopting sustainable practices (Trabandt et al., 2024). |
Eco-tourism regulations (EB42) | Establishing and enforcing regulations to ensure sustainable tourism operations (Xinyang Wu and Liang, 2023). | |
Eco-project funding (EB43) | Allocating government funds to support green tourism initiatives and projects (Bhaktikul et al., 2021). | |
Green zone promotion (EB44) | Designating specific areas as green tourism zones and promoting them (Mariana and Sofyan, 2022). | |
Community involvement (EB5) | Local job creation (EB51) | Generating employment opportunities for residents within the green tourism sector (Preko, 2020). |
Heritage preservation (EB52) | Ensuring that tourism efforts support the preservation of local cultural heritage (Mazzetto, 2022). | |
Community-driven tourism (EB53) | Promoting tourism models that are managed and operated by local communities (Matiku et al., 2020). | |
Multi-stakeholder partnerships (EB54) | Encouraging collaborations between tourism businesses, local communities, and stakeholders (Feyers et al., 2020). |
