Table 2 Bounds test.

From: Waste-to-energy and its asymmetric impact on ecological footprint: implications for environmental sustainability

 

Lag length

ARDL bounds test

China

EFP = f(WTE+,WTE−,GDP, GDP2, FID, FDI)

2, 3, 0, 3, 3, 1, 3

11.7485***

EFP = f(WTEa, WTEb, WTEc, WTEd, GDP, GDP2, FID, FDI)

3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2

6.3901***

United States

EFP = f(WTE+,WTE−,GDP, GDP2, FID, FDI)

4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3

7.9201***

EFP = f(WTEa, WTEb, WTEc, WTEd, GDP, GDP2, FID, FDI)

2, 0, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3

12.1811***

  1. *** represents significance at the 1% significance level.