Table 11 Pairwise Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality tests for Middle Eastern and BRICS countries (1995–2020).
From: The impact of renewable energy on CO2 emissions in Middle Eastern and BRICS economies
Null hypothesis | Middle Eastern | BRICS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-Stat. | Zbar-Stat. | Prob. | W-Stat. | Zbar-Stat. | Prob. | |
LNRE does not homogeneously cause LNCO2 | 4.7986 | 3.057 | 0.0022 | 7.6694 | 4.829 | 1.E−06 |
LNCO2 does not homogeneously cause LNRE | 3.7072 | 1.755 | 0.0792 | 1.4095 | −0.734 | 0.4630 |
LNEC does not homogeneously cause LNCO2 | 2.2369 | 0.002 | 0.9985 | 2.0228 | −0.189 | 0.8502 |
LNCO2 does not homogeneously cause LNEC | 2.0776 | −0.188 | 0.8508 | 4.9665 | 2.428 | 0.0152 |
LNFDI does not homogeneously cause LNCO2 | 2.7257 | 0.585 | 0.5587 | 2.8487 | 0.545 | 0.5856 |
LNCO2 does not homogeneously cause LNFDI | 6.0679 | 4.570 | 5.E−06 | 3.3197 | 0.964 | 0.3351 |
LNTO does not homogeneously cause LNCO2 | 9.1987 | 8.304 | 0.0000 | 2.5611 | 0.289 | 0.7721 |
LNCO2 does not homogeneously cause LNTO | 3.4554 | 1.455 | 0.1457 | 7.9878 | 5.113 | 3.E−07 |
