Fig. 3: Causal-effect relation diagram of new disaster risk influencing factors in smart cities.

It shows the causal relationship between the new risk factors of smart cities. \({\rm{R}}+{\rm{D}}\) named center degree illustrates the strength of influences that are given and received of the factor, and which stands for the degree of central role that the factor plays in the system; \({\rm{R}}-{\rm{D}}\) named cause degree, which shows the net effect that the factor contributed to the system; A1 represents people’s risk perception, A2 represents people’s mis-operation, A3 represents people’s intentional behaviour; A4 represents people’s psychological factors, B1 represents physical infrastructure, B2 represents information infrastructure, C1 represents technology dependence, C2 represents technology alienation, C3 represents technology iteration, C4 represents technology abuse, D1 represents information overcollection, D2 represents information ownership is unclear, D3 represents information leakage, E1 represents cyber attacks, E2 represents online mass incident, E3 represents cyberterrorism, F1 represents imperfect regulatory system, F2 represents lagging legal protection system, F3 represents imperfect operation mechanism.