Fig. 2: The difference (double-year minus single-year) of atmospheric environmental factors in the decaying summer between single- and double-year La Niña events.

The composite difference of (a) vertical wind shear (units: m/s), (b) 500 hPa omega (negative value represents upward motion; units: Pa/s), (c) 850 hPa relative vorticity (units: s−1), and (d) 600 hPa relative humidity (units: %) between single- and double-year La Niña events. Gray dots indicate the difference above the 95% confidence level based on Student’s t test.