Fig. 5: Evolution of apparent heat source (Q1) and apparent moisture sink (Q2) during the decaying year of double-year La Niña events.

(a–c) The anomaly of Q1(units: W m−2) and 850 hPa horizontal wind (units: m/s;) for AMJ (April-May-June), MJJ, and JJA in the second decaying year of double-year La Niña events, (d–f) as (a–c), but for Q2 and 200 hPa horizontal wind. Gray dots and green vectors indicate the anomalies above the 95% confidence level based on Student’s t test for Q1 and Q2, and for the winds, respectively.