Fig. 7: The atmospheric reponses in LBM experiments.

a Summer Q1 (unit: W·m⁻²) anomalies regressed by the TA_IA during 1976–2022. The cross lines indicate where the anomalies are significant at the 95% confidence level. Spatial distribution and vertical profile of the warming forcing in the (b) first (EXP1) and (e) third LBM experiment (EXP3), respectively. The average of 21–25 days’ model response of 200-hPa geopotential height (shading; unit: m) and wind (vector; unit: m⋅s⁻¹) in (c) EXP1 and (f) EXP3, respectively. d Longitude-altitude cross section along 26°–36°N of the average of 21–25 days’ model response of geopotential height (shading; unit: m) and temperature (contour; unit: °C) in EXP1.