Fig. 1: Comparison of satellite observations and model experiments.

Comparison of satellite-observed SSHAs (m) and AGCs (ms-1) (column A) with outputs from standard runs (column B) and idealized experiments, EXPNOTC (column C) and EXPTCONLY (columns D), during the mature stage of COEs corresponding to typhoons Rosie (upper row), Nida (middle row), and Ma-On (bottom row). The color shadings represent the SSHAs, while black contours indicate the possible COE centers with negative SSHAs. The black lines with hollow circles show the typhoon trajectories. The red rectangle in column B for typhoon Nida marks the region for vorticity budget calculation, and the green line indicates the transect location for energy analysis.