Fig. 3: High global climate relevance attributable to high local concurrences of anomalous rainfall events.

Averaged precipitation anomalies (units: mm day⁻¹) of a all above-normal rainfall events, and b below-normal rainfall events, during the period 1979–2016. Degree centralities of c above-normal rainfall events inside above-normal rainfall events over surrounding areas (<1500 km), and d below-normal rainfall events inside below-normal rainfall events over surrounding areas (<1500 km). High-value regions in (c, d) indicate where the local occurrences of anomalous rainfall events within 1500 km are highly simultaneous. Areas are masked and dotted in (c) and (d), where the absolute values of average precipitation anomalies are less than 3 mm day⁻¹ for above-normal rainfall events, and less than 2 mm day⁻¹ for below-normal rainfall events, respectively. The equatorial central Pacific (10°S–10°N, 170°E–120°W) and Maritime Continent (10°S–10°N, 90°–160°E) are outlined by the red boxes in (a, c) and (b, d), respectively.