Fig. 4: Observed and forecasted monthly mean SSTA. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 4: Observed and forecasted monthly mean SSTA.

From: Toward skillful forecasting of super El Niño events using a diffusion-based westerly wind burst parameterization

Fig. 4

a, e Observed, b, f CTRL, c, g WPEE, and d, h DDPM forecast experiments for the monthly mean SSTA (unit: °C) averaged between 5°S and 5°N over a 12-month lead time, initialized in February and May 1997. Contours indicate SSTA exceeding 2 °C. The black dashed boxes denote the zonal extent of the Niño3.4 region (190°W–240°W). The WPEE and DDPM experiments display the ensemble mean across these 10 members. Where 0 represents the year of El Niño development (1997) and 1 represents the following year (1998).

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