Fig. 5: Changes in atmospheric circulations associated with the NAT SST anomalies.

Regressions of (a) storm track activity (unit: gpm), (c) geopotential height tendency (unit: gpm∙day−1), and (e) geopotential height (shaded, unit:10-3 gpm) and WAF (vectors, unit:m2·s−2) at 200 hPa onto the normalized NAT index during P1. b, d, f are as in (a, c, e), respectively, but for P2. Regression of 200 hPa geopotential height, derived from the ensemble mean of 5 AMIP models, onto the NAT index calculated using the models’ SST input datasets during (g) P1 and (h) P2. Green contours denote the 90% confidence levels.