Fig. 2: Atmospheric moisture budget and circulation responses to the SNAO associated with summer precipitation anomalies in the CEH in Phase 2.
a The total atmospheric moisture budget associated with summer precipitation (preci.) anomalies over the CEH (black dashed line in (c)), together with the observed precipitation anomalies during Phase 2. b Atmospheric moisture budget terms regressed onto the SNAO index, expressed in mm/day. c Regression patterns of the 500 hPa horizontal wind field (Vh) and vertical velocity (ω) onto the SNAO index. d Meridional mean (20–35°N, 76.5–97.0°E, as marked in (c)) zonal-height section showing regressions of meridional wind (vh), ω, and the topographic-induced vertical velocity (ωc) onto the SNAO index. The vector represents the composite wind of vh (m/s) and ω (-1×10⁻¹ Pa/s); shading indicates ω (10⁻³ Pa/s), and contour lines represent ωc (0.001 and 0.003; 10⁻¹ m/s). Orography is indicated by the black shading, and hatched areas highlight regions exceeding the 95% confidence threshold.
