Fig. 8: Schematic mechanism of the SNAO influence on summer precipitation in the CEH.

The orange ringed arrows labeled C denote the SNAO-induced anomalous cyclone in the upper troposphere. The blue ringed arrows labeled A denote the SNAO-induced anomalous anticyclone in the upper troposphere. The solid purple arrow denotes the Rossby wave propagation. The thick yellow arrows denote the anomalous anticyclone south of the CEH induced by SNAO. This figure is an idealized representation; the SNAO teleconnection in reality is more complex and non-stationary across periods (see Fig. 5a–c).