Fig. 1: Temporal changes in HONO, NO2 and NO concentrations from NPM in the dark and under irradiation.

A Temporal profiles of NO (black), NO₂ (purple), and HONO (yellow) during NPM photolysis. HONO concentrations derive from denuder-based differential measurements. B Photolysis frequencies (JNPM→HONO, JNPM→NO₂) as functions of irradiation time. Experimental conditions: irradiance = 169.4 W m⁻² (300–400 nm), T = 298 K.