Table 1 Some important but unresolved questions on amphibian welfare

From: Discussing the future of amphibians in research

1

Is MS222 an appropriate chemical for euthanasia of amphibians?

2

What biomarkers of welfare are applicable to amphibians?

3

What is the efficacy of current analgesia and anaesthesia?

4

Can Xenopus superovulation / general breeding protocols be refined?

5

Are corticosterone readouts valid measures of welfare?

6

Can established preference tests be created for amphibians?

7

What non-invasive monitoring methodologies exist for these animals?

8

Have species-specific baseline behaviours been documented?

9

What is the ideal nutritional composition of a regulated amphibian diet?

10

Is live food a necessity in an amphibian diet?

11

How does water quality and composition affect amphibian welfare?

12

What (if any) are the health benefits of ultraviolet light for amphibians?

13

Does providing a gradient in the physical captive environment of amphibians (to enable choice of microenvironment) improve health and welfare?